{
 "generated": "2026-10-28",
 "groups": [
  {
   "title": "At a glance",
   "items": [
    {
     "label": "Sections",
     "value": "531",
     "detail": "The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 contains 531 sections; the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) it replaced had 484.",
     "attribution": "According to the Ministry of Home Affairs",
     "provisions": [
      "531(1)"
     ],
     "verified_text": "531. (1) The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 is hereby repealed.",
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (Act No. 46 of 2023), Gazette of India, Extraordinary",
       "publisher": "Ministry of Law and Justice (via PRS Legislative Research)",
       "date": "2023-12-25",
       "url": "https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2023/The%20Bharatiya%20Nagarik%20Suraksha%20Sanhita,%202023.pdf"
      },
      {
       "title": "The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 (Bill Track)",
       "publisher": "PRS Legislative Research",
       "date": null,
       "url": "https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-second-sanhita-2023"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    },
    {
     "label": "Chapters & Schedules",
     "value": "39 + 2",
     "detail": "The Act is arranged in 39 chapters (from Chapter I, Preliminary, to Chapter XXXIX, Miscellaneous) and two Schedules (Classification of Offences and 58 Forms), compared with 37 chapters and two Schedules in the CrPC, 1973.",
     "attribution": null,
     "provisions": [],
     "verified_text": "Chapter XXXIX: “MISCELLANEOUS”",
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (Act No. 46 of 2023), Gazette of India, Extraordinary",
       "publisher": "Ministry of Law and Justice (via PRS Legislative Research)",
       "date": "2023-12-25",
       "url": "https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2023/The%20Bharatiya%20Nagarik%20Suraksha%20Sanhita,%202023.pdf"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    },
    {
     "label": "In force from",
     "value": "2024-07-01",
     "detail": "The Act came into force on 1 July 2024 by notification S.O. 848(E), dated 23 February 2024, except the entry in the First Schedule relating to sub-section (2) of section 106 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.",
     "attribution": "According to the Ministry of Home Affairs",
     "provisions": [
      "1(3)"
     ],
     "verified_text": "It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint.",
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "Highlights of New Criminal Laws",
       "publisher": "PIB",
       "date": "2024-07-30",
       "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2039055"
      },
      {
       "title": "Three criminal laws to be effective from July 1",
       "publisher": "The Hindu",
       "date": "2024-02-24",
       "url": "https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/three-newly-enacted-criminal-laws-to-come-into-effect-from-july-1/article67881602.ece"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Legislative history",
   "items": [
    {
     "label": "Introduced in Lok Sabha",
     "value": "2023-08-11",
     "detail": "The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (Bill No. 122 of 2023) was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 11 August 2023 and referred to the Standing Committee on Home Affairs.",
     "attribution": null,
     "provisions": [],
     "verified_text": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (Bill Track)",
       "publisher": "PRS Legislative Research",
       "date": null,
       "url": "https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-sanhita-2023"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    },
    {
     "label": "Standing Committee report",
     "value": "2023-11-10",
     "detail": "The Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs presented its 247th Report on the Bill on 10 November 2023.",
     "attribution": null,
     "provisions": [],
     "verified_text": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "Two Hundred Forty-Seventh Report on the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023",
       "publisher": "Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs, Rajya Sabha Secretariat (via PRS)",
       "date": "2023-11-10",
       "url": "https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2023/SC_Report_Bharatiya_Nagarik_Suraksha_Sanhita_2023.pdf"
      },
      {
       "title": "The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (Bill Track)",
       "publisher": "PRS Legislative Research",
       "date": null,
       "url": "https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-sanhita-2023"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    },
    {
     "label": "First Bill withdrawn; second Bill introduced",
     "value": "2023-12-12",
     "detail": "The first Bill was withdrawn and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 (Bill No. 174 of 2023) was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 12 December 2023.",
     "attribution": null,
     "provisions": [],
     "verified_text": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 (Bill Track)",
       "publisher": "PRS Legislative Research",
       "date": null,
       "url": "https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-second-sanhita-2023"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    },
    {
     "label": "Passed by Parliament",
     "value": "2023-12-21",
     "detail": "The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 was passed by the Lok Sabha on 20 December 2023 and by the Rajya Sabha on 21 December 2023.",
     "attribution": null,
     "provisions": [],
     "verified_text": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 (Bill Track)",
       "publisher": "PRS Legislative Research",
       "date": null,
       "url": "https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-second-sanhita-2023"
      },
      {
       "title": "Union Home Minister … Shri Amit Shah replied to the discussion on the Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita, 2023 … in the Lok Sabha today",
       "publisher": "PIB",
       "date": "2023-12-20",
       "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1988913"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    },
    {
     "label": "Presidential assent",
     "value": "2023-12-25",
     "detail": "The Bill received the President's assent on 25 December 2023 and was published in the Gazette of India the same day as Act No. 46 of 2023.",
     "attribution": null,
     "provisions": [],
     "verified_text": "[25th December, 2023.]",
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (Act No. 46 of 2023), Gazette of India, Extraordinary",
       "publisher": "Ministry of Law and Justice (via PRS Legislative Research)",
       "date": "2023-12-25",
       "url": "https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2023/The%20Bharatiya%20Nagarik%20Suraksha%20Sanhita,%202023.pdf"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    },
    {
     "label": "Commencement notification",
     "value": "2024-02-23",
     "detail": "Ministry of Home Affairs notification S.O. 848(E), dated 23 February 2024, appointed 1 July 2024 as the date on which the provisions of the Sanhita come into force (except the entry relating to section 106(2) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 in the First Schedule).",
     "attribution": "According to the Ministry of Home Affairs",
     "provisions": [
      "1(3)"
     ],
     "verified_text": "It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint.",
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "MHA Notification S.O. 848(E) — Commencement of BNSS (23 Feb 2024)",
       "publisher": "Ministry of Home Affairs",
       "date": "2024-02-23",
       "url": "https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2024-04/252444_english_01042024.pdf"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Reported changes from the CrPC",
   "items": [
    {
     "label": "Provisions modified",
     "value": "177",
     "detail": "177 provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 have been modified in the BNSS.",
     "attribution": "According to the Ministry of Home Affairs",
     "provisions": [],
     "verified_text": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "Union Home Minister … Shri Amit Shah replied to the discussion on the Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita, 2023 … in the Lok Sabha today",
       "publisher": "PIB",
       "date": "2023-12-20",
       "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1988913"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    },
    {
     "label": "New sections and sub-sections added",
     "value": "9 + 39",
     "detail": "9 new sections and 39 new sub-sections have been added, along with 44 new provisos and Explanations.",
     "attribution": "According to the Ministry of Home Affairs",
     "provisions": [],
     "verified_text": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "Union Home Minister … Shri Amit Shah replied to the discussion on the Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita, 2023 … in the Lok Sabha today",
       "publisher": "PIB",
       "date": "2023-12-20",
       "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1988913"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    },
    {
     "label": "CrPC sections repealed",
     "value": "14",
     "detail": "14 sections of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 have been deleted or repealed.",
     "attribution": "According to the Ministry of Home Affairs",
     "provisions": [],
     "verified_text": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "Union Home Minister … Shri Amit Shah replied to the discussion on the Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita, 2023 … in the Lok Sabha today",
       "publisher": "PIB",
       "date": "2023-12-20",
       "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1988913"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    },
    {
     "label": "Provisions with prescribed timelines",
     "value": "35",
     "detail": "Timelines have been introduced in 35 places across investigation, inquiry and trial procedures.",
     "attribution": "According to the Ministry of Home Affairs",
     "provisions": [
      "173(3)",
      "193(2)",
      "193(3)(ii)",
      "232",
      "258(1)"
     ],
     "verified_text": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "Union Home Minister … Shri Amit Shah replied to the discussion on the Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita, 2023 … in the Lok Sabha today",
       "publisher": "PIB",
       "date": "2023-12-20",
       "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1988913"
      },
      {
       "title": "Highlights of New Criminal Laws",
       "publisher": "PIB",
       "date": "2024-07-30",
       "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2039055"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "title": "Key procedural provisions",
   "items": [
    {
     "label": "Zero FIR & e-FIR",
     "value": "Section 173(1)",
     "detail": "Information relating to the commission of a cognizable offence may be given orally or by electronic communication, irrespective of the area where the offence is committed; electronic information is taken on record on being signed within three days by the person giving it.",
     "attribution": "According to the Ministry of Home Affairs",
     "provisions": [
      "173(1)"
     ],
     "verified_text": "Every information relating to the commission of a cognizable offence, irrespective of the area where the offence is committed, may be given orally or by electronic communication …",
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "Highlights of New Criminal Laws",
       "publisher": "PIB",
       "date": "2024-07-30",
       "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2039055"
      },
      {
       "title": "Key Features of the New Criminal Laws",
       "publisher": "PIB",
       "date": "2025-08-20",
       "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2158411"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    },
    {
     "label": "Mandatory forensic investigation",
     "value": "Section 176(3)",
     "detail": "For offences punishable with imprisonment for seven years or more, the officer in charge of a police station is required to cause a forensics expert to visit the crime scene to collect forensic evidence and record the process on a mobile phone or other electronic device.",
     "attribution": "According to the Ministry of Home Affairs",
     "provisions": [
      "176(3)"
     ],
     "verified_text": "On receipt of every information relating to the commission of an offence which is made punishable for seven years or more, the officer in charge of a police station shall, from such date, as may be notified within a period of five years by the State Government in this regard, cause the forensic expert to visit the crime scene to collect forensic evidence in the offence and also cause videography of the process on mobile phone or any other electronic device:",
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "Highlights of New Criminal Laws",
       "publisher": "PIB",
       "date": "2024-07-30",
       "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2039055"
      },
      {
       "title": "The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 (Bill Track)",
       "publisher": "PRS Legislative Research",
       "date": null,
       "url": "https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-second-sanhita-2023"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    },
    {
     "label": "Police custody in tranches within 40 or 60 days",
     "value": "Section 187(2)",
     "detail": "Police custody of up to 15 days in the whole may be authorised in parts at any time during the initial 40 days of the 60-day detention period, or during the initial 60 days of the 90-day detention period.",
     "attribution": null,
     "provisions": [
      "187(2)",
      "187(3)"
     ],
     "verified_text": "The Magistrate to whom an accused person is forwarded under this section may, irrespective of whether he has or has no jurisdiction to try the case, after taking into consideration whether such person has not been released on bail or his bail has been cancelled, authorise, from time to time, the detention of the accused in such custody as such Magistrate thinks fit, for a term not exceeding fifteen days in the whole, or in parts, at any time during the initial forty days or sixty days out of detention period of sixty days or ninety days, as the case may be, as provided in sub-section (3) …",
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 (Bill Track)",
       "publisher": "PRS Legislative Research",
       "date": null,
       "url": "https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-second-sanhita-2023"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    },
    {
     "label": "Attachment and forfeiture of proceeds of crime",
     "value": "Section 107",
     "detail": "A police officer making an investigation may, with the approval of the Superintendent or Commissioner of Police, apply to the Court or Magistrate for attachment of property suspected to be derived or obtained from a criminal activity, and for distribution of proceeds to victims.",
     "attribution": "According to the Ministry of Home Affairs",
     "provisions": [
      "107(1)",
      "107(6)",
      "107(7)"
     ],
     "verified_text": "Where a police officer making an investigation has reason to believe that any property is derived or obtained, directly or indirectly, as a result of a criminal activity or from the commission of any offence, he may, with the approval of the Superintendent of Police or Commissioner of Police, make an application to the Court or the Magistrate exercising jurisdiction to take cognizance of the offence or commit for trial or try the case, for the attachment of such property.",
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "Key Features of the New Criminal Laws",
       "publisher": "PIB",
       "date": "2025-08-20",
       "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2158411"
      },
      {
       "title": "The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 (Bill Track)",
       "publisher": "PRS Legislative Research",
       "date": null,
       "url": "https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-second-sanhita-2023"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    },
    {
     "label": "Trial in absentia of proclaimed offender",
     "value": "Section 356",
     "detail": "When a person declared as a proclaimed offender has absconded to evade trial and there is no immediate prospect of arresting him, the Court may, after waiting 90 days from framing of charge, proceed with the trial in his absence as if he were present.",
     "attribution": "According to the Ministry of Home Affairs",
     "provisions": [
      "356(1)",
      "356(1)-proviso-1",
      "356(2)"
     ],
     "verified_text": "Notwithstanding anything contained in this Sanhita or in any other law for the time being in force, when a person declared as a proclaimed offender, whether or not charged jointly, has absconded to evade trial and there is no immediate prospect of arresting him, it shall be deemed to operate as a waiver of the right of such person to be present and tried in person, and the Court shall, after recording reasons in writing, in the interest of justice, proceed with the trial in the like manner and with like effect as if he was present, under this Sanhita and pronounce the judgment:",
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "Highlights of New Criminal Laws",
       "publisher": "PIB",
       "date": "2024-07-30",
       "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2039055"
      },
      {
       "title": "The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 (Bill Track)",
       "publisher": "PRS Legislative Research",
       "date": null,
       "url": "https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-second-sanhita-2023"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    },
    {
     "label": "Bail for undertrial prisoners (one-third / one-half of maximum period)",
     "value": "Section 479(1)",
     "detail": "An undertrial prisoner detained for half of the maximum period of imprisonment specified for an offence (not punishable with death or life imprisonment) shall be released on bail; for a first-time offender never previously convicted, release on bond applies after one-third of the maximum period.",
     "attribution": "According to the Ministry of Home Affairs",
     "provisions": [
      "479(1)",
      "479(1)-proviso-1"
     ],
     "verified_text": "Where a person has, during the period of investigation, inquiry or trial under this Sanhita of an offence under any law (not being an offence for which the punishment of death or life imprisonment has been specified as one of the punishments under that law) undergone detention for a period extending up to one-half of the maximum period of imprisonment specified for that offence under that law, he shall be released by the Court on bail:",
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "Highlights of New Criminal Laws",
       "publisher": "PIB",
       "date": "2024-07-30",
       "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2039055"
      },
      {
       "title": "The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 (Bill Track)",
       "publisher": "PRS Legislative Research",
       "date": null,
       "url": "https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-second-sanhita-2023"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    },
    {
     "label": "Trials and proceedings in electronic mode",
     "value": "Section 530",
     "detail": "All trials, inquiries and proceedings under the Sanhita — including issuance, service and execution of summons and warrants, examination of complainant and witnesses, recording of evidence in inquiries and trials, and all appellate proceedings — may be held in electronic mode by audio-video electronic means.",
     "attribution": "According to the Ministry of Home Affairs",
     "provisions": [
      "2(1)(a)",
      "530"
     ],
     "verified_text": "All trials, inquires and proceedings under this Sanhita, including—",
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "Highlights of New Criminal Laws",
       "publisher": "PIB",
       "date": "2024-07-30",
       "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2039055"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    },
    {
     "label": "Community service defined & Magistrate fine limits enhanced",
     "value": "Section 23(2)–(3)",
     "detail": "Raises the maximum fine a Magistrate of the first class may impose from ₹10,000 to ₹50,000, raises the maximum fine a Magistrate of the second class may impose from ₹5,000 to ₹10,000, and empowers both to impose community service.",
     "attribution": null,
     "provisions": [
      "23(2)",
      "23(3)",
      "23-expl"
     ],
     "verified_text": "\"Community service\" shall mean the work which the Court may order a convict to perform as a form of punishment that benefits the community, for which he shall not be entitled to any remuneration.",
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "Highlights of New Criminal Laws",
       "publisher": "PIB",
       "date": "2024-07-30",
       "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2039055"
      },
      {
       "title": "The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 (Bill Track)",
       "publisher": "PRS Legislative Research",
       "date": null,
       "url": "https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-second-sanhita-2023"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    },
    {
     "label": "Mandatory State Witness Protection Scheme",
     "value": "Section 398",
     "detail": "Every State Government is required to prepare and notify a Witness Protection Scheme for the State with a view to ensuring protection of witnesses.",
     "attribution": "According to the Ministry of Home Affairs",
     "provisions": [
      "398"
     ],
     "verified_text": "Every State Government shall prepare and notify a Witness Protection Scheme for the State with a view to ensure protection of the witnesses.",
     "sources": [
      {
       "title": "Highlights of New Criminal Laws",
       "publisher": "PIB",
       "date": "2024-07-30",
       "url": "https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2039055"
      }
     ],
     "note": null
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}